Peri Urban: is it the unwanted child of “Rural and Urban”?
By Kavya Michael, Post-doctoral Fellow at IIHS
A grey morning in North Bangalore’s outskirts near Rachanahalli Lake (Photo Courtesy: Sumetee Pahwa Gajjar)
Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group (GEAG) in collaboration with the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA), the Government of India and the RUAF Foundation, The Netherlands, organised a National Conference on 'Peri-Urban Agriculture and Ecosystems: The Multi-Faceted Contribution to Urban Resilience (Peri-Urban 2016)’ from 22nd-23rd February 2016 at the India International Centre, New Delhi. The conference was an outcome of the project “Enhancing Climate Resilience of Gorakhpur City through Climate Resilient Peri-Urban Agriculture”. ASSAR's Sumetee Pahwa Gajjar and Kavya Michael from the IIHS Bangalore attended the conference.
This conference was a first of its kind in India, bringing together researchers grappling with various methodological and practical challenges of studying and understanding peri-urban areas, and the role these areas play in sustaining city functions. The conference was also attended by peri-urban farmers, policy makers, as well as practitioners from the fields of urban affairs, water management, engineering and ecosystem revival, to name a few. The conference was bilingual and the inclusion of peri-urban farmers Ramrajya Yadav and Chanda Devi added a new dimension to the debate by balancing theoretical frameworks with lived experiences. This also showcased the fact that GEAG’s four-year long project involved action-based research and the results were owned as much by the farmers as they were by the researchers.
What were the conference outcomes?
Inaugural Session at the GEAG conference (Photo Courtesy: GEAG)
The deliberations in the conference emphasised the need for a comprehensive understanding around peri-urban areas using a socio-political and ecological framework. Following are some of the key points around which the discussions revolved:
| 1) Multiple conceptualisations of the peri-urban: There is a significant gap in literature with regards to the conceptualisation of peri-urban areas. Dr. Aditya Bahadur from ODI put forth peri-urban areas as inherently dynamic spaces experiencing significant changes to landscapes and livelihoods. Dr. K.S. Murali from IDRC described them as the interface between town and country where urban and rural uses mix and sometimes clash. Amit Mitra, an independent researcher from Delhi, defined peri-urban areas as “the unwanted child of rural and urban”. Prof. Usha Raghupati, NIUA described them as transitional zones with significant governance ambiguity. She reminded us that these areas lie beyond municipal jurisdiction where public services such as water, sanitation, and waste disposal are not provided by rural or urban authorities. Dr. Sumetee Pahwa Gajjar interrogated peri-urban areas from a vulnerability and social differentiation lens. She stressed the need to identify peri-urban areas as zones of contestation that display a dense overlap between geographical, socio-economic, political and environmental dimensions of marginality. |
| 2) The future of peri–urban areas: Panellists debated how cities will expand into peri-urban areas and whether this expansion will be consistent across various dimensions of urbanity. For example Dr. Bahadur noted that 70% of the urban infrastructure required by 2030 is yet to be built and is most likely to be built in peri-urban areas. Dr.Shiraz Wajih, President GEAG, argued that by 2050, three quarters of the world’s population will live in cities. In the Indian context the 2011 Census reported that for the first time in nearly seven decades the urban population recorded a higher increase than the rural population. As part of PM Modi’s Smart City Mission, 20 cities of the 100 planned have already been identified. New development for these secondary cities will be an additional driver of change on the land between satellite towns and the close primary cities. Researchers agreed that this indicates further transformation of the rural hinterland across the country, with differential patterns of peri-urbanisation. |
| 3) Peri-urban areas are critical for the city’s resilience: Researchers questioned the persistent and limited perception of peri-urban areas as providers of ecosystem services to the city. In addition to agriculture, peri-urban areas most certainly render carbon sequestration and climate regulation, water and air purification, and pest and disease control services. However, in the context of climate change, the resilience of peri-urban areas to local change and environmental degradation should be fore-fronted. For example, Dileep Singh from ISET International argued that a 15% increase in open spaces in peri-urban areas of Gorakhpur city can lead to more than 12% reduction in damages due to floods. Talullah D Silva, an architect from Goa, used the case of Panjim city to outline the role of social entrepreneurship to revive peri-urban areas by empowering and mobilising communities. An integrated conceptualisation of peri-urban areas will generate local solutions that allow them to thrive despite an increasing environmental burden imposed by urbanisation. |
| 4) Peri-urban areas for urban food and nutritional security: Various speakers engaged with the revival of peri-urban agriculture as critical for nutritional and food security of urban residents. This begs the consideration of the nutritional security of peri-urban residents, many of whom are socio-economically marginalised. Veteran scientist Dr. M.S. Swaminathan put forth the idea of peri-urban areas as Special Agricultural Zones (SAZ), utilising for instance, genetically fortified plants such as legumes, as opposed to Special Economic Zones (SEZ). Chanda Devi, a peri-urban farmer from Gorakhpur District, narrated how she successfully practiced mixed-vegetable farming techniques and produced enough food for the table as well as surplus to be sold in urban markets. The “garden man” from Bangalore, Dr. B N Vishwanath, reiterated that urban home garden habits should be promoted to ensure chemical-free food on tables. Mr. K.V.S Prasad from Agriculture Man Ecology (AME) Foundation spoke about their practical experience of promoting organic terrace gardening in Magadi, a village near Bangalore. He emphasised that strong peri-urban systems are necessary for sustainable and healthy cities. |
Session:1: Conceptualization and Methodology of Peri-Urban Researches (Photo Courtesy: GEAG)
What emerged for us?
Our knowledge of issues and challenges encountered in research and practice in peri-urban areas was greatly enhanced at this conference. These lessons will extend into our research along the rural-urban continuum in the Bangalore sub-region, within the social differentiation and gender stream of ASSAR, and will help us identify potential sites for the Regional Research Phase. We also identified potential members for our Social Differentiation and Gender Advisory Committee at this conference who will help us set a context and validate our field research findings in Bangalore. We are exploring how migrants from rural Karnataka often enter cities through transition zones and peri-urban spaces, and how their vulnerability to climate change effects shift as a result of migration. We were also encouraged to think about arriving at functional definitions for the peri-urban in Bangalore as we discovered there is no unified definition for the term, which tends to be highly contextual and specific to the political economy of urbanisation in a city.
Location of development corridors and economic clusters in Bangalore, 20071
1Dittrich, Christoph. "Bangalore: globalisation and fragmentation in India’s high-tech-capital." Asien 103.3 (2007): 45-58.